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Latent heat flux measurements over complex terrain by airborne water vapour and wind lidars

机译：机载水蒸气和风激光雷达在复杂地形上的潜热通量测量

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Vertical profiles of the latent heat flux in a convective boundary layer (CBL) areobtained for the first time over complex terrain with airborne water vapourdifferential absorption lidar and Doppler wind lidar. During the Convectiveand Orographically-induced Precipitation Study (COPS) over the Black Forestmountains in south-western Germany both lidars were installed nadir-viewingonboard the Falcon research aircraft of the Deutsches Zentrum f¨ur Luft- undRaumfahrt (DLR).On30 July 2007, additional in situ measurements by theKarlsruheInstitute of Technology (KIT) were performed with a Dornier-128 aircraft that flewbelow the Falcon. This unique instrument configuration allows us to validate thelidar-derived fluxes and to assess lidar-specific issues such as instrument noise anddata gaps that impinge on the results. The cospectra of in situ humidity and verticalvelocity peak at wavelengths between 1 and 3 km and reveal that the dominantscales of turbulent transport are larger than 700 m in dimension. Consequentlythe airborne lidars’ horizontal and vertical resolution of ∼ 200 m is sufficient tocapture most of the flux. The lidar and in situ fluxes of five collocated 45 kmflightlegs agree within ±20%; the average difference over the total distance of 225 kmis 3%. A flux comparison with ground-based water vapour Raman and wind lidarsshows agreement within the instruments’ accuracies under low-wind conditions.All latent heat fluxes vary between 100 and 500 W/m2 in the CBL and have smallvertical divergences. Vertical velocity spectra in the mid-CBL enable us to estimatethe dissipation rate of turbulent kinetic energy that amounts to 5 × 10−4 m2 s−3in the Rhine Valley and 10−3 m2 s−3 over the Black Forest mountains. This newairborne lidar instrumentation proves to be a valuable tool for the study of CBLprocesses and variability, particularly over complex terrain.
机译：对流边界层（CBL）中的潜热通量的垂直剖面是首次在复杂地形上使用机载水蒸气差分吸收激光雷达和多普勒测风激光雷达获得的。在德国西南部的黑森林山上的对流和地形诱发的降水研究（COPS）中，两个激光雷达均安装在德国ZentrumfüurLuft-undRaumfahrt（DLR）猎鹰研究飞机的最低点上。2007年7月30日，卡尔斯鲁厄技术研究所（KIT）的原位测量是使用在猎鹰下方飞行的Dornier-128飞机进行的。这种独特的仪器配置使我们能够验证源自激光雷达的通量，并评估激光雷达特有的问题，例如会影响结果的仪器噪声和数据间隙。原位湿度和垂直速度的共谱在1至3 km的波长处达到峰值，表明湍流传输的主导尺度在尺寸上大于700 m。因此，机载激光雷达的水平和垂直分辨率约为200 m，足以捕获大部分通量。五个并置的45 kmfleglegs的激光雷达和原位通量在±20％之内一致； 225公里总距离的平均差为3％。与地面水蒸气拉曼光谱仪和风激光雷达的通量比较表明，在低风条件下仪器的精度范围内一致。CBL中所有潜热通量在100至500 W / m2之间变化，并且垂直散度小。 CBL中部的垂直速度谱使我们能够估计湍流动能的耗散率，该动能在莱茵河谷中为5×10-4 m2 s-3，在黑森林山区为10-3 m2 s-3。事实证明，这种新型机载激光雷达仪器是研究CBL过程和变异性（特别是在复杂地形上）的宝贵工具。

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